Legal systems vary between jurisdictions, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges may make binding case law through precedent,[10]
The scope of law can be divided into two domains: public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law; while private law deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as contracts, property, torts,
Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history,[22] philosophy,[23] e
In general, legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems.[76] Modern scholars argue that the significance of this distinction has progressively declined. The numerous legal transplants, typical of modern law, result in the sharing of many features traditionally considered typical of either common law or civil law.[63][77] The third type of legal system is religious law, based on scriptures. The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections with other countries, or its adherence to international standards. The sources that jurisdictions adopt as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system.
All legal systems deal with the same basic issues, but jurisdictions categorise and identify their legal topics in different ways. A common distinction is that between “public law” (a term related closely to the state, and including constitutional, administrative and criminal law), and “private law” (which covers contract, tort and property).[g] In civil law systems, contract and tort fall under a general law of obligations, while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or international conventions. International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and trusts are regarded as the “traditional core subjects”,[h] although there are many further disciplines.
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United Nations Security Council in 2005International law can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations.
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the CitizenConstitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state. Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or civil liberties of individuals against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the United States and France, have a single codified constitution with a bill of rights. A few, like the United Kingdom, have no such document. A “constitution” is simply those laws which constitute the body politic, from statute, case law and convention. A case named Entick v Carrington[173] illustrates a constitutional principle deriving from the common law. Entick’s house was searched and ransacked by Sheriff Carrington. When Entick complained in court, Sheriff Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the Earl of Halifax, was valid authority. However, there was no written statutory provision or court authority. The leading judge, Lord Camden, stated:
The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property. That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole … If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment.[174]
The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by John Locke, holds that the individual can do anything except that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing except that which is authorised by law.[175][176] Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account. People can sue an agency, local council, public service, or government ministry for judicial review of actions or decisions, to ensure that they comply with the law, and that the government entity observed required procedure. The first specialist administrative court was the Conseil d’État set up in 1799, as Napoleon assumed power in France.[177]
A subdiscipline of constitutional law is election law. It deals with rules governing elections. These rules enable the translation of the will of the people into functioning democracies. Election law addresses issues who is entitled to vote, voter registration, ballot access, campaign finance and party funding, redistricting, apport
Criminal law, also known as penal law, pertains to crimes and punishment.[178] It thus regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently deleterious social impact but, in itself, makes no moral judgment on an offender nor imposes restrictions on society that physically prevent people from committing a crime in the first place.[179][180]
Adolf Eichmann (standing in glass booth at left) being tried and sentenced to death by the Israeli Supreme Court in 1961, an example of a criminal law proceedingExamples of crimes include murder, assault, fraud and theft. In exceptional circumstances defences can apply to specific acts, such as killing in self defence, or pleading insanity. Another example is in the 19th-century English case of R v Dudley and Stephens, which tested a defence of “necessity“. The Mignonette, sailing from Southampton to Sydney, sank. Three crew members and Richard Parker, a 17-year-old cabin boy, were stranded on a raft. They were starving and the cabin boy was close to death. Driven to extreme hunger, the crew killed and ate the cabin boy. The crew survived and were rescued, but put on trial for murder. They argued it was necessary to kill the cabin boy to preserve their own lives. Lord Coleridge, expressing immense disapproval, ruled, “to preserve one’s life is generally speaking a duty, but it may be the plainest and the highest duty to sacrifice it.
APPLICANTS / RESPONDENT NAME | BRIEF PARTICULARS / DETAILS OF THE CASES / ISSUES | COMPETENT COURT / TRIBUNAL / FORUM | CG / CNR. NUMBER’S | NDOH |
SHANKAR BATHLA | EXUBERANCE 2011 NEW YEAR EVENT GIP MALL NOIDA, UP | SURAJPUR DISTRICT COURT GREATER NOIDA | UPGB040026282011 | 10.12.24 |
VED PRAKASH BATRA | MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI-BSES YAMUNA POWER | CGRF – BYPL, KARKARDOOMA, DELHI 92 | 299/2024 | 29.10.24 |
ANITA AGGARWAL | MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI-BSES YAMUNA POWER | CGRF – BYPL, KARKARDOOMA, DELHI 92 | 308/2024 | 29.10.24 |
MONU BHURI | I-PHONE X SNACTHING AND CAUGHT / TIP VERIFIED – MM | KARKARDOOMA COURT COMPLEX, DELHI | DLSH020040692020 | 18.01.25 |
INDER CHAWLA | MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI-BSES YAMUNA POWER | THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI, INDIA | WP (C) 7620/2023 | 12.11.24 |
ISHU ASIJA | MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI-BSES YAMUNA POWER | CGRF – BYPL, KARKARDOOMA, DELHI 92 | 337/2024 | 22.10.24 |
RAHUL BHATIA | 138NIACT-CHEQUE BOUNCE-WEDDING MANTRA MAGAZINE | KARKARDOOMA COURT COMPLEX, DELHI | DLSH020013602019 | 20.02.25 |
RICHA BHATIA EVENTS AND BEYOND | 138NIACT-CHEQUE BOUNCE-WEDDING MANTRA MAGAZINE | KARKARDOOMA COURT COMPLEX, DELHI | DLSH020020162019 | 20.02.25 |
MAMTA GUPTA | NEW NX CONNECTION FOR GROUND FLOOR – EDMC / M.C.D | CGRF – BYPL, KARKARDOOMA, DELHI 92 | 376/2024 | 24.09.24 |
PUSHPA | MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI-BSES YAMUNA POWER | CGRF – BYPL, KARKARDOOMA, DELHI 92 | 512/2024 | 24.10.24 |
BEENA GUPTA | MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI-BSES YAMUNA POWER | CGRF – BYPL, KARKARDOOMA, DELHI 92 | 530/2024 | 05.11.24 |
RAJ KUMAR SONI | MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI-BSES YAMUNA POWER | CGRF – BYPL, KARKARDOOMA, DELHI 92 | 532/2024 | 07.11.24 |
RAJIV VERMA | MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI-BSES YAMUNA POWER | CGRF – BYPL, KARKARDOOMA, DELHI 92 | 542/2024 | 12.11.24 |
VIKAS JAIN | MUNICIPAL CORPORATION OF DELHI-BSES YAMUNA POWER | CGRF – BYPL, KARKARDOOMA, DELHI 92 | 540/2024 | 07.11.24 |
CHAND RAM PANCHAL & 5 OTHER’S | BAR COUNCIL OF DELHI FOR EXTORTION, PHYSICAL ASSAULT | THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI, INDIA | 238/2024 | 06.12.24 |